Literature

Viva Voice Question- Answers

2009-06-19T18:01:00.000+06:00

Myself

I’m Mohammad Tazul Islam Sarker. The meaning of my name is lightening peace. I hail from Pirgacha of Rangpur district under Rajshahi division. My father is a retired Head Master of Government Primary School and my mother is a home maker. I’ve two brothers and one sister. I’m the last issue of my parents. I completed SSC from Sundorganj Abdul Mazid Government High School and HSC from Pirgacha College. I also completed Diploma in Human Rights from Dhaka International University. Currently I’m studying BA (Hons). in English at Dhaka International University. I pass my leisure time playing, reading and fishing. I’d like to go abroad for higher study.

Periodical History & Writers’ Works

1. The Old English Period/ The Anglo-Saxon Period: - 450 to 1066

Beowulf, The Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Wife’s Complaint, The lover’s Message, Deor’s Lament, The Ruin are among the remarkable poems of this age. Wrote by an unknown author in this period

2. The Middle English period: - 1066 to 1500

John Wyclif (1324-1384) (the father of English prose):- Translation of The Bible

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) (the father of English poetry):- Prologue to Canterbury Tales

William Langland (1332- ):- Piers Plowman

Thomas Malory (1405- 1471):- Morte d’ Arthur

3. The Renaissance (means rebirth) Period: - 1500 to 1660

Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) (he is called the poet of the poets):- The Faerie Queene

Norton and Sackville (1536-1608), (the father of tragedy, first tragedy “Gorboduc”)

Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586):- An Apologie for Poetries

Milton (1608-1674):- Paradise Lost, Samson Agonistes

Shakespeare (1564-1616) (the father of Drama):- Hamlet,

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) (the father of Essays):- Essays

Ben Jonson (1573-1637) (he is called a neo-classicist):- Every Man in His Humour

4. The Neoclassical Period: - 1660 to 1785

Alexander Pope (1688-1744):- The Rape of the Lock

William Congreve (1670-1729):- The Way of the World

Jonathan Swift (1667-1745):- Gulliver’s Travels

Henry Fielding (1707-1754):- Tom Jones

William Black (1757-1827):- Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience

5. Dark age (this age no remarkable poet): - 1785 to 1798

6. The Romantic Period: - 1798 to 1832

William Wordsworth (1770-1850):- Lyrical Ballads

S.T Coleridge (1772-1834):- Biographia Literaria, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

P.V Shelley (1792-1822):- Adonais

Keats (1795-1821): - Ode and other poems

Lord Byron (1788-1824): - Don Juan

7. The Victorian Period: - 1832 to 1901

Lord Tennyson (1809-1892): - The Lotos Eaters

Robert Browning (1812-1889), (dramatic monolog): - Men and Women

Mathew Arnold (1822-1888): - Essays in Criticism

Charles Dickens (1812-1870): - David Coperfield, A Tale of Two Cities

Karl Marx (1818-1883): - Das Capital

8. The Modern Period: - 1901 to 1939 & The postmodern Period: - 1939 to still

Thomas Hardy (1840-1928):- In Time of ‘The Breaking of Nations’ (poetry)

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950): - Man and Superman

W.B Yeats (1865-1939): - The Cat and the Moon

T.S Eliot (1888-1965): - The Waste Land

Somerset Maugham (1874 - 1965): - Cake and Ale

Q. What is the Literature?

Q. Importance of literature

Literature mainly means for giving pleasure. Pleasure and profit are the two motives of reading of English literature. Reading of literature may be profitable only when it is done properly. We can get immense pleasure from reading literature. For all this reason we are very much interested reading literature.

Q. What is poetry?

Poetry is a metrical composition that conveys a certain meaning or meanings. It is also called verse. William Wordsworth called – “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility”. Matthew Arnold called ---“poetry is a criticism of life”.

Q. What is Romanticism?

The term romanticism is a movement and new flavour in literature and art during the late 18^th and early 19^thcenturies. It celebrates Nature rather than civilization, subjectivity, worship of beauty, deep feelings and imagination, escapism to the ivory tower from the harsh reality are the main subject matters of Romanticism. It does not follow any hard and fast rules like classicism.

The feelings, beliefs and concepts that contain freshness of mind, seed of sagacity prudence and trends of reformation and trait protest against the traditional approach and wish to do good to the humanity are known as Romanticism.

Q. Characteristics of Romanticism.

1. High imagination

2. Subjectivity

3. Revolt

4. Interest in the past

5. Love of Nature

6. Mysticism, Spiritualism, Pantheism

7. Freedom

8. Supernaturalism

9. Deep feelings

10. Escapism

Q. What is Modernism?

The term Modernism is divided into two sections--- (1) White and (2) Black. Modern literature mainly reflects ills and evils of modern times, frustration, and lack of feelings, emotion and capitalism. Indomitable thirsts for knowledge adventurous voyages, astheism are also the vital traits of Modernism.

Q. What is Classicism?

Classicism is a movement in literature and art during the 17^th and 18^th centuries in Europe that favored rationality, restraint and strict form. Actually the term classicism is derived from the Ancient Greek and Romance. Generally by this term we refer to the styles, rules, models, conventions, themes and sensibilities of classical authors and their influence on and presence in the works of later authors. The major English poets and writers who followed classical rules and modes were Ben Jonson, Pop, Swift, Dryden and Addison.

Q. What is Pantheism?

Pantheism is a new philosophy or ideology developed in the Romantic Era by William Wordsworth. Pantheism indicates the existence of God in every part of Nature. Pantheism is an intuitive, transcendental belief in the unity of all. Through pantheism Wordsworth tries to preach this doctrine that every living thing in the world is the part of Almighty God. Actually we can say, God is all and all is God this is pantheism He mentions in Tintern Abbey.

“Nature never did betray

The heart that loved her.”

Q. What is the Victorian spirit or age?

After coming in power of the dynamic queen Victoria, the Victorian spirit got its radical changes in all sections of the society. Industrialization, urbanization, Victorian literature, emancipation of women, renaissance spirit, scientific progress etc. are the outstanding progresses in the Victorian Era. In short, the indomitable thirst for knowledge and remarkable developments are the Victorian spirit.

Anglo- Saxon: -The term Anglo- Saxon is defined from the names of three tribal groups– Angles, Jutes and Saxons. Angles and the Jutes originate from the Jutland peninsula and the Saxons from the area later called lower Saxony. It is also worth nothing that the Anglo Saxons knew themselves as the English. Their language was Old English and Modern English. Anglo Saxon is the collective term usually used to describe ethnically and linguistically related peoples living in the South and east of the island of Great Britain from around the early 5^th century A.D to the Norman Conquest of 1066. They spoke closely related Germanic dialects and they are indentified by Bede as the descendants of three Germanic tribes Angles, Jutes and Saxons. “Anglo” comes from “Angle” which means spear many used to believe that they are called angle. On the other hand, “Saxon” comes from “Sax” which means sword historians to believe that they were stronger as sword.

Q. Write the elaborated forms of the writers’ name.

1. T.S Eliot – Thomas Sterns Eliot.

2. W.B Yeats – William Butler Yeats.

3. G.B Shaw – George Bernard Shaw.

4. S.T Coleridge – Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

5. P.B Shelley – Percy Bysshe Shelley.

6. H.G Wells – Herbert George Wells.

7. D.H Lawrence – David Herbert Lawrence.

8. F.R Leavis – Frank Raymond Leavis.

9. R.K Narayan – Rashipuram Krishnaswami Narayan.

Q. Name of American writers and works.

American Novel: - Poet name Work

Herman Melville Moby-Dick

Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter

Saul Bellow Seize the Day

American Poetry: -

Walt Whitman Song of Myself

Robert Frost Stopping by Woods in the Snowy Evening

Emily Dickinson I felt funeral in my brain

American Drama:-

Arthur Miller The Death of a sales Man

O’Neill The Long Day’s Journey into Night

Earnest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises

American Prose:-

Emerson The American Scholars

Thomas Paine The Crisis

Washington Irving Rip Van Winkle

Q. Escapism of Keats.

John Keats (1795-1821) is the greatest escapist in the Romantic Era. He wants to flee from all rigidities and conformities and harsh realities to the ivory tower. Keats’s escapism is based on not only his fear for the hard realities of life but his longing for the dreamy world of permanent happiness of the joyous world.

“Away! Away! For I will fly to thee,

Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,

But on the viewless wings of poesy.” (Ode to a Nightingale)

Q. Characteristic of Keats.

(1) Impersonal poetry. (2) Negative capability. (3) Sensuousness. (4) Love for beauty. (5) Great Ode writer. (6) Pessimism. (7) Art is long but life is short.

Q. Short note on Shakespeare.

Shakespeare means a virtuoso writer, legend dramatist, a consummate poet and a good performer on the stage who remains as a glittering star in the sky not only in English literature but also in the world literature. He was born about the 23^rd April in 1564, at Stratford on Avon, Warwickshire. In his 19^th year he married Anne Hathaway, a woman eight years senior. As You Like It, Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Julius Ceaser, and The Tempest are well-known creations of Shakespeare. His famous remark-“All’s well that End’s well.” He is famous for the objective presentation of his deep knowledge about human psychology. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets, 3 narrative poems. He died in 1616, 23^rd April.

Q. Short note on William Wordsworth.

William Wordsworth was born on 7^th April, 1770 at Ceckermouth, Cumberland. He lost his parents when he was child. He began his career as a poet. He is a Romantic poet of all Romantic poets of Nature. He was worshiper of Nature. He enjoyed Nature felt Nature and found divinity in Nature. He is a spokes man of pantheism. He believes that there is a divine spirit pervading all the objects of Nature. So his view “God is all and all is God.” This belief finds a complete expression in Tintern Abbey.

“Nature never did betray

The heart that loved her”

The first fruits of his genius were given out in the Lyrical Ballads (1798). Romanticism begins through publishing this book. The Solitary Reaper, Tintern Abby, and Michael are his remarkable creation. He also wrote about five hundred sonnets. He died in 1850.

Q. Short note on Tennyson.

Tennyson was born in 1809. He was educated at Cambridge University. He died in 1892. He was the symbol of Victorian’s spirit, desire and hope. His poetry is the philosophy of faith and hope. He gives expression to the scientific spirit of the age. There is something universal in his poetry that has an appeal to all hearts-ancient or modern. The Lotos-eaters, King Arthur are the document of it. He is the mouthpiece of the Victorians. His poetry reflects the Victorian age-social, political, religious and literary. That is why, he is truly representative of that age.

Q. The criticism of life according to Matthew Arnold.

The people are divided in their aims. They flow with the tide without judging anything. They are going to their destination of unknown horizon, as they have no definite aim. The poet divided the people into two groups (1). Scholar Group. (2). Aimless Group.

Q. Short note on Dover Beach: - Dover Beach is one of the short poems written by Matthew Arnold. This poem reflects the lost hope, faith and devotion to God. He rightly mentions ---

“Oh, the sea of faith

Was once at the full.”

Here the poet laments over the loss of faith on God as well as human beings.

Q. Short note on My Last Duchess: -

I gave commands

Then all smiles stopped together.

This quotation has been quoted from the poem My Last Duchess written by Robert Browning. These lines refer to the killing of a Duchess by a 1600 century Italian Duke of Ferrara. The Duke talks to the envoy of the portrait of his wife. The Duchess was innocent pleasant, good, nature and simple. She was not in the proud and treated all equally. Even she used to make no difference between her husbands the Duke and other men. On the other hand, the Duke was proud of his position as well as of his nine hundred years aristocracy. The Duke did not like the Duchess behaviour. But he thought it to beyond his prestige to ask his wife to give up this habit. The Duke was crud and dictatorial by nature. So he gave commands to his people to kill her and thus all her smiles stopped at once.

Q. Discuss the four causes/reason of Second World War.

In September 1939, Europe was drawn into a general war. This war is called the Second World War. The causes of the Second World War are given below---

(1). Defects of the peace treaties: the causes of the Second World War related to the failure of the peace terms of 1919-1920. Those terms, while understandable in view of the passions and hatreds engendered by the First World War, created almost as many problems as they solved.

(2). Power Polities: Power Polities were a second cause of the Second World War. Although Woodrow Wilson and other sponsors of the League of Nations had acclaimed the league as a means of eliminating power struggles; it did nothing of the sort.

(3). Economic conditions: Economic conditions were third important causes of the outbreak of the Second World War. The depression of the 1930 contributed to the coming of the war in several ways.

(4). Nationalism: Nationalism was a further cause of of the general discontent that helped increase the chances for the Second World War.

Q. Why is Elizabethan age called the golden age of English literature?

Elizabethan period (1558-1603) is the most flourished and golden period in English literature. Due to the impact of quick decay of medieval world, rediscover of ancient learning, renaissance, widening of horizons, Elizabethan drama, new discoveries and the peaceful period without war, this age becomes the finest breeding ground for flourishing literature.

Impact of Renaissance: Renaissance played a vital role in the Elizabethan period. The Renaissance was both a revival of ancient classical mythology, literature and culture as well as a reawakening of the human mind after the long sleep of the dark Middle ages.

Impact of London Theater and Elizabethan Dramas: the time of Queen Elizabeth was a golden period for theater flourishment. As many theaters were ÿÿprovÿÿg very rapidly, then were also pÿÿducing many excellent dramas. At time craved for entertainment and in response to this demand, there came the dramas and short stories.

Good governance of Queen Elizabeth: The Queen herself was a lady of peaceful mentality. Her reign was absolutely of high thinking and far reaching. Elizabethan period was warless. Then people would live peacefully. People of all sections enjoyed their life by watching dramas in the theatres and singing songs. That is why Elizabethan period was called “a nest of singing birds.

Q. Name of Romantic writers and works.

Name Work

1. William Wordsworth Lyrical Ballads

2. S.T. Coleridge Biographia Literaria

3. Lord Byron Don Juan

4. P.B. Shelley Adonais

5. John Keats Odes, Letters

6. Jane Austen(Female) Emma

7. Charles Lamb The Essays of Elia

8. William Hazlitt Elizabeth

Q. Short note on Shelley.

Shelley (1792- 1822) was one of the greatest poets of the nineteenth century. He was a reformer and revolutionary poet. Shelley became a rebel against all the existing evils of human society. His famous poem The West Wind is the symbol of the destroyer and the creator. The West Wind is called the destroyer as well as the preserver because while it destroys the leaves, it preserves seeds to grow later. Another poem is The Skylark. The Skylark is a symbol of man’s aspiring vision. The Skylark belongs to a world of perfection but the poet is chained to a world of hatred, pride, fear and pain.

Q. P.B. Shelley’s characteristics.

(1). Great Ode writer. (2). Great Lyric. (3). Poet of platonic love. (4). Wonderful imagery. (5). Revolutionary poet. (6). Poet of nature. (7). Melancholic tone.

Q. Shelley’s Platonic Love: - All earthly things are in a state of flux and are shadows of the unchanging eternal reality. The one remeans the many change and pass.

Q. What is Transcendentalism ?

Transcendentalism means “beyound” and “above” hence a transcendentalist is one who believes in the existence of a divine world, beyound and above the world of essences. The divine can’t be known by reason or national analyses but it can be felt and experienced by the spirit through intuition.

Q. What is Phi Beta Kappa?

It is a society for college and university students who are very much successful in their studied.

Q. Four great quotations of Shakespeare.

(a) “Life is a tale, told by an idiot full of fury,

Signifying nothing.” (As You Like It)

(b) “To be or not to be that is the question” (Hamlet)

Speak less than thou knowest

Lend less than thou owest.

Ride more than thou goest.” (King Lear)

(d) “All the world’s a stage

And all the men and women merely players.” (As You Like It)

Q. Three great quotations of Alexander Pope.

(a) “To err is human, to forgive divine.” (An Essay on Criticism)

(b) “A little learning is a dangerous thing.” (An Essay on Criticism)

but merit wins the soul.” (Rape Of The Lock)

Q. Three great quotations of John Keats.

(a) “A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.” (Endymion)

(b) “Away! Away! For I will fly to thee,

Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,

But on the viewless wings of poesy.” (Ode to a Nightingale)

but those unheard sweeter.” (Ode on a Grecian Urn)

Q. Three great quotations of P.B Shelley.

(a) “If winter comes, can spring be far behind.” (Ode To The West Wind)

(b) “Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.” (To a Skylark)

Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth.” (Ode to The West Wind)

Q. Three great quotations of Wordsworth.

(a) “The sounding cataract

Haunted me like a passion; the tall rock,

The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood,

Their colours and their forms, were then to me

An appetite.” (Tintern Abbey)

(b) “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling: it takes its origin from

emotion recollected in tranquility.” (Preface to The Lyrical Ballads)

The guide, the guardian of my heart, and the soul

Of all my moral being.” (Tintern Abbey)

Q. Three great quotations of John Milton.

(a) “Eyeless in Gaza at the mill with slaves.” (Samson Agonistes)

(b) “To justify the ways of God to men.” (Paradise Lost)

And I shall shortly be with them that rest.” (Samson Agonistes)

Q. Three great quotations of John Donne.

(a) “For God’s sake hold your tongue and let me love.” (The cannonizatoin)

(b) “love all alike, no season knows, nor clime,

Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time.” (The Sun Rising)

Why dost thou thus,

Through windows, and through curtains call on us ?

Must to thy motions, lovers’ seasons run ? (The Sun Rising)

Q. Three great quotations of Francis Bacon.

(a) “A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure.” (Of truth)

(b) “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.” (Of studies)

(c) “Wives are youngmen’s mistresses; companions for middle ages; and old men’s nurses.” (Of Marriage and Single Life)

(d) “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”(Of studies)

Q. Three great quotations of S.T Coleridge.

(a) “Water, water, everywhere

Nor a drop to drink.” (The Ancient Mariner)

(b) “Alone, alone all all alone

Alone on a wide, wide sea !” (The Ancient Mariner)

All things both great and small

For the dear God who loveth us.” (The Ancient Mariner)

Q. Three great quotations of Rabindranath Tagore.

(a) “At the immortal touch of thy hands my little heart

Loses its limits in joy and gives birth to utterance ineffable.” (Gitanjali)

(b) “I touch by the edge of the far-speeding wing of my

Song thy feet which I could never aspire to reach.” (Gitanjali)

Knowing that thy living touch is upon all my limbs.” (Gitanjali)

Epic: - An epic is a long narrative poem that tells of grand style the history and aspiration of a national hero. The term ‘epic’ comes from the Greek word ‘epos’, which means narrative poetry, celebrating heroic incidents or achievements. There are two divisions in epic poetry- Primary epic and secondary epic.

Lyric: - Lyric is a short poem, expressing personal or subjective thoughts and feeling of a single speaker. It is identical to a song sung with a lyre. The word “Lyric” belongs to the word “lyre”. Lyre is a musical instruments used in ancient Greece.

Ode: - Ode is an exalted Lyric that begins with an address to some one expressing grief or agony but ends with consolation. It deals with a serious theme. For example: - Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind, Keats’ Ode to a Nightingale, Wordsworth’s Ode to Duty.

Characteristics of Ode.

1. Exalted theme

2. High seriousness

3. Rhyme and Rhythm

4. Selected diction

5. Glorification and Magnification (the main theme for any Ode)

Ballad: - Ballad is a long narrative poem that tells a grave story through action and dialogue. It is divided two parts (i) Folk Ballad or Popular Ballad (ii) Literary Ballad.

Metaphysical Poetry: - The word “meta” means distance and “physics” means substance or objects. When the poet mingles abstract ideas or conception along with far- facet objects, it is called Metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry is usually based on logical development of thoughts.

Poetic justice: - The word poetic justice is an important tool of the writer to provide due respect, honour or reward to the hero or heroine and to give due punishment or damnation to the villain or criminal.

Simile: - Simile is a figure of speech which indicates explicit or direct comparison between two unlike things. e.g –Your face is like the full Moon.

Metaphor: - Metaphor is a figure of speech that indicates implicit or indirect comparison between two unlike things. e.g – Saiful is a tiger.

Irony: - Irony is a figure of speech which a speaker says one thing but means the opposite. e.g - Sweets are uses of adversity.

Paradox: - Paradox is a figure of speech that seems false apparently but actually indicates the truth. e.g - Wear ornaments if you want to be rich?

Allegory: - Allegory is a figure of speech which states the inner meaning beside the surface meaning that means an allegory has double meaning. e.g – Mr. Bush wants to make our country Iraq.

Tragedy: - Tragedy is a piece of writing where the hero or heroine or both suffer a lot for their hammartia and finally die. e.g – Macbeth, Hamlet.

Drama: - A literary from intended to be performed on stage using physical movements and dialogues. It consists of three parts: beginning/ exposition, middle/ climax and end/ denouement. It is also called Play. Basically it is of two types (1) Comedy and (2) Tragedy.

Novel: - A ficticious prose narrative of a certain length 50000 and above words, the progress of the story follows a time sequence, a realistic picture of a particular society, a world vision, characters of the story and a plot are the common features of novel.

Satire: - A literary attack on the follies and vices of an individual or a society with a view to correcting them through laughter and ridicule. It may be prose or in verse. It is two kinds (1) Formal (direct) and Informal (indirect).

Sonnet: - A lyric poem of fourteen iambic pentameter lines. It is of three types- (1) Petrarchan (also known as Italian) (2) Shakespearean (English) and (3) Spenserian. The first eight lines of a Petrarchan sonnet are called octave and last six lines of it are called sestet. The rhyme of the octave is abba abba and that of sestet is cd cd cd or cde cde.

Conceit: - A figure in which two far fetched objects of very different nature are compared. It surprises its readers by its ingenious discovery and delights them by its intellectual quality. A famous example is Donne’s comparison between two lovers’ souls and the two arms of a pair of compasses.

Q. What is language?

Language is the ‘species-specific’ and ‘species- uniform’ possession of man. It is God’s special gift to mankind. Without language human civilization as we now know it, would have remained impossibility. Language is ubiquitous. It is present every where –in our thoughts and dreams, prayers and meditations, relations and communications, and sanskars and rituals. According to an ancient linguist of Indian, Patanjali --- “Language is that human expression which is uttered out by speech organs.”

Characteristics of language:-

a) Language is verbal, vocal: language is sound.

b) Language is a means of communication.

c) Language is a social phenomenon.

d) Language is symbolic.

e) Language is systematic.

Q. What is linguistics?

The word “Linguistics” has been derived from Latin word “lingua” and “istics.” Here “lingua” means tongue/sound and “istics” means knowledge/science. So etymologically linguistics is the scientific study of language. But it is the study not of one particular language but of human language in general.

Q. What is Applied Linguistics?

Applied linguistics is a wide conception of linguistics. The term Applied means “used” or importance and linguistics means “the scientific study of language as system of human communication”. Applied linguistics includes SLA (Second Language Acquisition), psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, ELT (English Language Teaching), IELTS, TOEFL etc. which are very important in our day to day life.

Q. Which one is more important between literature and linguistics? Why?

Both the field of knowledge is important in the present world. Undoubtedly, literature seems to be food our soul and provides immense pleasure. But in the third-world country like Bangladesh the study of linguistics is much more emphasized, because almost everybody gets educated in order to get jobs and for commercial purpose.

Q. Why are you interested to read Linguistics?

Obviously the study of linguistics is relevant in the present day-world. There are some logical reasons behind it-------

(a). This is the day of Globalization and trance language functions as a global-phenomenon.

(b). Language is a mutable aspect. So to have a good idea on language, the study of linguistics is a must.

(c). In order to have a wide and cosmopolitan idea about the world–literature, the proper and versatile knowledge of linguistics is mandatory.

Q. What is the difference between linguistics and literature?

(a). Linguistics is the scientific study of language as a system of human communication. On the other hard, literature is the criticism and interpretation of life and is the mirror of the society.

(b). Linguistics functions both as instrumental (for getting job, TOEFT, IELTS etc) and integrative (for communication).

(c). Linguistics is read for realistic as well as instrumented and integrative purposes. On the other hand, literature is real for how to differentiate between good and evil and for moral lesson.

Lingua franca: - The term Lingua franca is derived from the Italian word (Frankish tongue). It is a language used for communicating between the people of in area in which several languages are spoken. e.g – English is functioning as lingua franca.

Pidgin: - A pidgin is a contract language or lingua franca, a mixture of elements from different natural languages. Its use is usually restricted to certain groups, e.g. traders and seamen. Pidgin traders communicate with the local population or workers or with their bosses. It has limited vocabulary, reduced grammatical structure. Elements from another language have been absorbed in the form of vocabulary or in the form of sentence structure.

Creole: - When a pidgin becomes a lingua franca. It is called a Creole. Creoles are classified according to the language from which most of their vocabulary comes. e.g. - English based, French based, Portuguese based, Jamaican Creole, Hawaiian Creole, Krio in Sierra Leone.

Morpheme: - Morpheme is the minimum grammatical unit. Such as the four components un, -faith, -ful, -ness of unfaithfulness are called morphemes. Morphemes are customarily described as minimal units of grammatical analysis—the units of “lowest” rank out of which words, the units of next “highest” rank are composed. Morpheme may or may not have meaning, may or may not have a phonological representation. A morpheme may be monosyllabic as (man, a, an, the) and polysyllabic as (happy, nature).

Morphology: - Morphology is the study of the ways and methods of grouping sounds into sound-complexes or words, of definite, distinct, conventional meaning.

Dialect: - A regional, temporal or social variety within a single language is a Dialect. It differs in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary from the standard language, which is in itself a socially favoured dialect. So a dialect is a variation of language sufficiently different to be considered a separate entity within a language but not different enough to be classed as a separate language. Everyone speaks in Dialect.

Phonetics: - Phonetics is the scientific study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds. It studies the medium of spoken language. Touching upon physiology and physics, phonetics is now a pure science that studies speech processes, including the anatomy, neurology and pathology of speech, as well as the articulation, description, classification, production and perception of speech sounds.

Phonology: - Phonology is the organization of sounds into patterns. In order to fulfils the communicative function, languages organize their material, the vocal noises, into recurrent bits and pieces arranged in sound patterns. It is the study of this formal organization of languages which is known as phonology.

Graphics: - Graphics is the systematic study of writing and writing systems in general. It is the science of visual marks and symbols used in writing human language. It is a branch of semiotics which is the science of signs.

Syntax: - Syntax is the grammar of sentences. It is the science of sentence- construction. It is the study of sentence-building, of the ways in which words are arranged together in order to make larger units. A syntactic analysis is generally concerned with sentences and the constituents of sentence.

The Sentence: A Sentence is a word or set of words followed by a pause and revealing an

intelligible purpose. --- A.H Gardiner

The Sentence is the largest unit of grammatical description, that is, it is the maximum unit of grammatical analysis. --- Bloomfield.

The Word: The term has been defined differently. It is defined as (1) speech, utterance, verbal expression (2) an element of speech. According to Bacon --- Words are the tokens current and accepted for conceits, as moneys are for values.

Registers: Dialects are the varieties of language according to users. Registers are the varieties of language according to use. Registers are those “varieties of language which correspond to different situations, different speakers and listeners, or readers and writers and so on”. --- R.M.W Dixon

Some important Abbreviations and Elaborations

ELT: English Language Teaching

CLT: Communicative Language Teaching

SLA: Second Language Acquisition

TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language

TESOL: Teaching (Teachers of) English to Speakers of Other Languages

IELTS: International English Language Testing System

IPA: International Phonetics Alphabet

SAT: Scholastic Aptitude Test

GRE: Graduate Record Examination

O Level: Ordinary Level

A Level: Advanced Level

BBA: Bachelor of Business Administration

MBA: Master of Business Administration

BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation

ABC: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

CNN: Cable News Network

AP: Associated Press

ISSB: Inter Service Selection Broad

BSS: Bachelor of Social Science

AD: After Death

BC: Before Christ

AM: Ante Meridiem (Before noon)

PM: Post Meridiem (After noon)

BCS: Bangladesh Civil Service

PSC: Public Service Commission

UN: United Nations

NB: Nota Bene (take notice)

NO: Numero (Italian word) Number

DO: Ditto (Italian word) Same

SP: Superintendent of Police

OSD: Officer on Special Duty

RAB: Rapid Action Battalion

CID: Criminal Investigation Department

DC: Deputy Commissioner

OC: Officer-in- Charge

CNG: Compressed Natural Gas

SIM: Subscriber Identity Module

FM: Frequency Module

SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation

CD: Compact Disc

DVD: Digital Video Disc

VCD: Video Compact Disc

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

CEDAW: Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women

ICDDRB: International Center for Diarrhoea Disease Research Bangladesh

Notes of Seven Semester

2009-06-19T17:29:00.003+06:00

Q. Emerson’s influence of nature on American Scholar.

Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the greatest thinkers and writer of American. He has been called the Father of American Transcendentalism. He was born in 1803 and was brought up in Boston. He is the founder of the transcendental club. The American Scholar is one of the famous essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson. It was published in 1837. This book is pregnant with philosophy.

Emerson’s small prose poem Nature has been called “the Bible of Transcendentalism.” He believed that there is divinity within the human soul. He was himself inspired --- divinely inspired. Transcendentalism is one who believes in the existence of a divine world, beyound and above the world of senses. The divine can’t be known by reason or national analyses but it can be felt and experienced by the spirit through intuition. The divine is referred to as “the over- soul”, by Emerson. And it was referred to as “the soul of all the world” by Wordsworth. The over- soul is beauty, love, wisdom and power. The internal world is but the raiment or outer covering of the divine. Man can know the divine and ultimately become one with it through the agency of nature which speech to the soul not to the reasoning faculty. If man comes to nature in a mood of wise passivity and allows influences from nature to enter into his soul we can see into the heart of things. Thus there is oneness of God, man and nature. The transcendentalist stressed the worth of the individual, the dignity of the human soul. They taught man to rely on himself, on his own intuition, natural instincts and impulses and not on any authority outside him-self or no tradition, however sacred or old.

Emerson was influenced by the Wordsworth and Coleridge. His mystic vision is significant. Human soul should be inspired by the divine spirit. Truth, beauty and goodness exist in nature. Man, nature and God are the topics of his philosophy. Nature is helpful to human in the realization of his higher ends and in the fulfillment of his destiny. Emerson considers body as a part of nature. We can see our own reflection through the nature. Nature is a symbol of spirit. He also says that beauty and truth are one and the same things. Our life is embosomed in beauty, freedom of the individual. It is man’s most precious inheritance. The soul must have a free play. When man’s soul breathes through his intellect, it is genius. When it breathes through his will, it is virtue. When it flows through his affection, it is love.

The influences of nature upon the mind of scholar are of the first and foremost importance. Emerson studies the phenomena of nature. American scholar is influenced by nature. He comes to the conclusion that the old precept “Know thyself” and the modern precept “Study of nature”, become at last one maxim.

The Game of Ninepins: Ninepins is a game/sport in which a participant rolls wooden balls on a lane in an attempt to knock down nine battle-shaped wooden pins arranged in the shape of a diamond. The participant may bowl up to three balls to knock down all the pins. Ninepins is similar to the modern sport of bowling.

Q. Discuss some major Archetype used in literature?

Every nation has its own distinguishing mythology that may be reflected in legend, folklore and ideology. In the general sense myth is universal. An archetype is essentially an element of one’s literary experience. At the same time archetypes are universal symbols. There is a significant relation between myths and archetypes. They are very concerned to find out the mysterious elements of literary works. Some major archetypes used in literature are city below---

These symbols remain unchanged. The Sky symbolizes father and Earth mother. Water symbolizes the mystery of creation, purification and redemption. The Sea signifies the mother of all life. River signifies death and rebirth. The Sun indicates law in nature, creative energy. Rising Sun specifies enlightenment, birth and creation. Setting Sun specifies death.

Some colours used in literature as archetypes. Red symbolizes violent passion, blood, sacrifice. Green symbolizes stands for hope. Blue signifies spiritual purity. Black signifies darkness, evil. White indicates purity, innocence.

Some numbers used in literature as archetypes. Three symbolizes light, the male principle. Four indicates earth, nature and the female principle. Seven, the most potent of all symbolic numbers- signifying the union of three and four, perfect order.

Circle symbolizes unity, wholeness. Egg indicates the mystery of life. Serpent signifies evil, wisdom. Garden specifies the paradise, innocence. Tree denotes the life of the cosmos, immortality. Desert symbolizes death.

The archetypal woman: The Good Mother, associated with the life principle, birth, warmth, nourishment, growth, abundance. The Terrible Mother symbolizes the witch, sorceress, siren, whore, fear, danger, darkness, death. The Soul Mate indicates the Sophia figure, Holy mother, the princess, beautiful lady, spiritual fulfillment.

The wise old man: Personification of the spiritual principle, representing, knowledge, reflection, wisdom, cleverness and intuition on the one hand. On the other, moral qualities such as good will and readiness to help, which make his “spiritual” character sufficiently plain--- A part from his cleverness, wisdom and the old man is also notable for his moral qualities, what is more, he even tests the moral qualities of others and makes gifts dependent on the test. The old man always appears when the hero is in a hopeless and desperate situation from which only profound reflection or a lucky idea can extricate him. But since for internal and external reasons, the hero can not accomplish this himself the knowledge need to compensate the deficiency comes in the form of a personified thought, in the shape of this sagacious and helpful old man.

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Mohammad Tazul Islam Sarker

Diploma in Human Rights

Mobile- 01911-264586/01717545492

Email-Tazul_taz@yahoo.com

Class Struggle: - All the different of human races are full of class struggle. One class dominates others. The upper class shows very futile attempt against lower class. This class struggle is reflected through literature. Without society we can not think literature. Marx said all the different of human races are full of class struggle. There is a tussle. Those who write against good side and bad side they are the real writers. This is the Marx’s theory.

Clear Light of Day

----Anita Desai

Anita Desai is a female novelist of India. She was born in 1937 of a German mother and a Bengali father. Clear Light of Day regarded as one of the masterpiece in the field of Indo-Anglian fiction. It is a family novel. Modern crisis is a vivid picture of this novel. In this novel, Anita Desai has setup Bim as her mouthpiece.

Bim is the central character of this novel and she is considered here as a protagonist. In the beginning of this novel, we come to see that Mr. and Mrs. Das living in an old rented house in Old Delhi. They had four children, two boys and two girls. They are Raja, Bim, Tara and Baba. They spend their days of childhood in a home which smells of disease and decay.

Mr. and Mrs. Das were busy with their own affairs and do not make an effort themselves about the needs of their children. The kind of unhappy situation creates fear, insecurity, distrust and anxiety as the children grow up. Mr. Das sent his son Raja in Hindu College to study. Mrs. Das dies after an illness. Then Mr. Das dies in a car accident. After the death o their parents, the children are totally dependent on aunt Mira. But in course of time, she dies of sheer drunkenness. The Das family is poorer now by the loss of guardians.

Baba is mentally retarded child. Raja, the first son of Das family and he is a vagabond. He has no headache about his family. By this time Raja has become quite intimate with Hyder Ali and his family because of his interest in Urdu poetry which is encouraged by Hyder Ali, who has allowed a free access to Raja to his large collection of Urdu books. It is during Raja’s illness that Hyder Ali leaves Delhi secretly with his family and goes to Hyderabad. After recovering from his illness, Raja decides to go to Hyderabad at invitation of Hyder Ali who has written to him to join him there.

Bim is the passing her days through starvation and mental agony. She is not a self-centered girl rather she is self-sacrificed. She believes that happiness lies in sacrificing not in self-centeredness. Raja leaves for Hyderabad, so that Bim is left alone in the old house in old Delhi to look after her mentally retarded younger brother Baba.

Bim’s younger sister Tara had got marred to a young man in the Indian Foreign Service named Bakul. In course of time Raja gets married to Benazir, the only daughter of Hyder Ali a and when Hyder Ali dies, Raja and Benazin inherit all Hyder Ali’s property including the old house in Old Delhi in which Bim and Baba still lives as tenants. At this point Raja writes a letter to Bim informing her that Benazin and he have decided o to raise the rent of their house but to allow Bim and Baba to continue living on the same rent.

In spirit of these emotion shocks, Bim continues to face life with courage and determination. She feels inferior to Raja and Tara who have achieved what they wished for. She tries to make up for her own failure and frustration in life by looking after the helpless Baba. Her spirit of self-sacrifice gives her an unconscious feeling of superiority over the others. Bim is now a lecturer in history in a women’s college in Old Delhi and Raja is the father of five daughters and a son.

Tara and Bakul arrive in India from USA. They stay with Bim and Baba they also decide to go to Hyderabad to attend the wedding of Raja’s eldest daughter. Bim and Baba are also invited. Bim has decided not to go to wedding. Bim sends a loving message to Raja. In accordance with her resolve to look after Baba and to do many other things in life. Bim has remained confirm bachelor. One day she listens a song of Guru. This song brings to Bim’s mind the following line from TS Eliot “Time the destroyer is time the preserver”. In this final episode Bim realizes that basically and essentially the bond between her, Raja, Tara, and Baba has remained, and will remain, unshaken.

Mohammad Tazul Islam Sarker

Diploma in Human Rights

Mobile- 01911-264586/01717545492

Email-Tazul_taz@yahoo.com

In fine, we can say that Clear Light of Day is one of Anita Desai’s most outstanding novels. Modern crisis is being reflected through her writing. It is an autobiographical novel of her.

Q. Discuss Leavis’s idea of how society sustains in literature. / Relationship between

Literature and Society.

F.R. Leavis a professor and a critic is regarded as an outstanding figure of new criticism in England. He was born in Cambridge England, 1895. He is a man of very strong tastes. He does not like the romantic vagueness creation. In Literature and Society he had showed his analytical power by creating the relationship between literature and society.

Literature is nothing but the reflection of human characters. It is the criticism and interpretation of life through verbosity and ornamental languages which evokes deep feelings. Actually literature is the mirror of society, what happened in the society is reflected in literature. Literature and society both are situated side by side. According to Indian critic “Literature accompanies with Society”. The relation between literature and society is like body and soul. Society is body and literature its soul. Leavis points out that the study of literature is the study of human life. To him, human life is synonymous to society.

Literature describes the suffering of human life. A man spends his life in sorrow and joy. As a society human being, man has some responsibility towards the society. A man can not live without society. Man’s feelings, emotion, attitudes as well as life picture are depicted in the literature. Literature refers the story of human society.

Man’s life and literature are closely related. Literature mentions the origin of human race, creation of human society and expansion of different literary activities. All the different of human races are full of class struggle. One class dominates others. The upper class shows very futile attempt against lower class. This class struggle is reflected through literature. Without society we can not think literature. Marx said all the different of human races are full of class struggle. There is a tussle. Those who write against good side and bad side they are the real writers. This is the Marx’s theory.

Marx’s writer could be called progressive writer. Those who try to establish a bond with the working class are called progressive. The duty of the writer is identify him with the working class. F.R. Leavis is against Marx’s theory in literature because Leavis thought that “Literature as a matter of isolated works of art, belonging to a realm of pure literature values.”

T. S Eliot’s theory on literature is that “Literature is the expression of tradition not of an art”. A literature that is must be thought of essentially something more than an accumulation of separate works. It has an organic form in relation to which the individual writer has his significance and his being. But F.R. Leavis said that in the nature of this way of thinking seems to me inevitable for anyone who thinks about literature. Thus he established the intimate relationship between literature and society.

In fine, we can say that society is unproductive without literature and literature is blind without society. Society can produce best and immortal literature. F.R Leavis is modern critic who exhibits in this essay literature and society are closely related. They are interrelated.

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Tradition: - tradition is a part of the living culture of the past and working in the order of the present. Tradition is not conventional. It is to achieve. It can be achieved by the individual talent. It cannot be inherited.

Moby-Dick

--- Herman Melville

Moby-Dick is a classic and best-known American novel. It is regarded as Melville’s masterpiece. Herman Melville was born on the 1^st August, 1819 in the city of New York. The writer described this book as a romance of adventure. We can know the story of Moby-Dick through the statement of Ishmael. He is a narrator.

Ahab is the hero of this novel as well as a captain of the ship. He has lost his leg by the attack of white whale. He used an artificial leg which is made of whole- bone. He wanted to take revenge on white whale. So, he has gone on sea voyage with some crews.

To Ahab, the white whale is an evil. The evil nature of this monster became established in Ahab’s mind on the day when one of his legs had been snatched away by the white whale in an encounter. Ahab has cherished a wild cruelty against the white whale. He would like to kill the white whale. He chases white whale and faced many problems on sea voyage. In the final encounter, Ahab and his followers are killed without Ishmael.

This novel has a deeper meaning. This novel symbolizes the conflict between good and evil, which is always going on this world. Captain Ahab is in-spite his ungodliness and blasphemy, a good man on the whole. Ahab has humanities. Ahab’s crusade against the white whale has been interpreted as the fight of the principle of goodness against the principle of evil symbolized by the white whale. The white whale is the enemy of man, the ferocity of the whale symbolizes the evil. The whale is a source of nourishment for human beings.

Ahab is evil and blasphemous. One critic describes him as both hero and villain. Some critic says that white whale symbolizes goodness while Ahab symbolizes evil. They also think that white whale represents God, an agent of God’s revenge upon evil men likes Ahab. Ahab thinks he is a superior to the rest of mankind. He has excessive pride. He is guilty of a distorted self-reliance.

Moby-Dick is a physical adventure and a psychological novel. It indicates the hidden matter of the human mind. It describes the voyage is two fold, it is a voyage upon the seas, and it is a voyage into the human mind. This novel indicates the depths of the human mind.

In fine, we can say that Ahab was a very simple man but after losing his leg he became crazy. He wanted to take revenge on white whale by killing it. He wanted to overtake man’s limitation.

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Seize the Day

---Soul Bellow

Soul Bellow is a twentieth century novelist. He is a Age-worthy novelist. He shows materialism dominates all corners of American life pursuit of money is the only motto of each American. Bellow’s one of the most remarkable creation is Seize the Day. In this novel he depicts the lurid picture of the capitalistic, competitive American moral and social chaos.

‘Seize’ means catch or hold and ‘Day’ means present time or present movement. So, “Seize the Day” means catch the present time or catch the valuable time. The past is no good to us. The future is full of anxiety. Only present is real the here and now.

Tommy Wilhelm is the protagonist as well as the central character and a tragic hero in this novel. He is about forty three years old. Tommy’s father aged, rich successful Dr. Adler lives at hotel Gloriana. He is a self-centered and narrow minded. Professionally Dr. Adler is very successful man. He is very well-known doctor in New York. On the other hand, Tommy has failed in every sectors of his life. The mentality of Tommy and his father is totally different. He wants help from his father but his father considers him as a patient and gives advice as a doctor. So, there is a conflict with father and son.

About 20 years ago, Tommy went Hollywood to be an actor before completing college education. It was his first mistaken. To marry Margaret was another great mistake. Their conjugal life has broken. They live now separately. Margaret lives with her two sons far away from Tommy. Tommy has to pay the all expense of his two sons. During telephone conversation his wife wants money. Here cordial love is absent.

They are busy only for their own interest. They are worshipers of money. Tommy is different from them. He is very kind and soft minded. He has gotten these good qualities from his mother. Tommy wants Margaret’s help. Once he spent huge money for her education purposes. Now he wants that his wife should take job in order to relax his load. He is very worried of his two sons. His wife has made them rebellious against him.

Mentally shocked Tommy gets consolation from Tamkin. So, he considers Tamkin as a substitute father. Tamkin is a fake and cheat. He proposes Tommy to business with him. He also tempted Tommy that from this business they can earn a big amount of money. Tamkin cheated to Tommy last seven hundred dollars.

Tommy was broken hearted. He was crying for losing everything. He was searching the existence of Tamkin with tormented mind and he saw Tamkin in a funeral pyre with a death body. Tommy follows Tamkin but police stopped his movement. Tamkin took this opportunity and flee. Tommy came to the coffin and looked at the dead body. His heart-beat increased. He compared himself to the dead body. Tommy thought that the dead man was disappointed in his life like. He could not control his mind. He started crying loudly.

In fine, we can say that Tommy has no sky-kissing ambition. He wants to lead very simple life. Actually he is a victim of mechanic society. He not only attains emancipation but achieves purification. It is Bellow’s a wonderful synthesis of an artistic creation.

Pearl

Pearl is the illegal daughter of Hester Prynne and Dimmesdale. She is the product of an adulterous union. She is at time gentle and at time affectionate and violent. Actually Pearl is the symbol of sin. Hester declares always her daughter Pearl as the child of God before the common people. When pearl asked about her father her mother answers that she is the child of her mother. She wears sophisticated dress. She does not like to make friendship with her neighboring children. After the death of Dimmesdale and Chillingworth, Hester goes to abroad with her daughter without informing anyone. After long time Hester comes back in Boston city. But pearl has settled there marrying an aristocrat man.

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Third Scaffold Scene

The third and final scaffold scene comes at the end of the story. During the seven years that have passed, then Hester was wearing the scarlet letter on her bosom. At that moment Dimmesdale had understood that he is a guilty man like Hester. Then he reveals his own scarlet letter to the astonished people and dies a spiritual death by keeping his head on the hands of Hester.

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Dr. Tamkin

Mentally shocked Tommy gets consolation from Tamkin. So, he considers Tamkin as a substitute father. Tamkin is a fake and cheat. He always presents himself as philosopher, psychologist and medicinist. At Tamkin’s hands, Tommy gradually becomes a puppet. He proposes Tommy to business with him. He also tempted Tommy that from this business they can earn a big amount of money. Tamkin cheated to Tommy last seven hundred dollars.

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Q. What is Transcendentalism?

Transcendentalism means “beyound” and “above” hence a transcendentalist is one who believes in the existence of a divine world, beyound and above the world of the senses. The divine can’t be known by reason or national analyses but it can be felt and experienced by the spirit through intuition. The divine is referred to as “the over- soul”, by Emerson. The transcendentalist stressed the worth of the individual, the dignity of the human soul. Transcendentalism is a 19^th century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition. Which transcendent reason and sensory experience. The basic tenets of the transcendentalist are:-

(1) A belief that God is present in every aspect of nature, including every human being.

(2) The conviction that every one is capable of apprehending God through the use of intuition.

(3) The belief that all of nature is symbolic of the spirit.

A corollary of this beliefs is an optimistic view of the world as good and as evil as nonexistent.

Q. What is Phi Beta Kappa?

Phi Beta Kappa is a society for college and university students who are very much successful in their studied. The society was founded in 1776 by undergraduates of the college of William and Mary. Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society until 1831, woman were first admitted in 1875. Membership is now honorary and based on high scholastic standing. The emblem of the society is a gold key bearing the Greek letters with three stars at the top of the initial letter.

Personification: - The Catskill as a character: At the outset of his story Washington Irving uses personification to invest the Catskill Mountains with human qualities. Irving tells us in paragraph 1 that they are part of a ‘family’, the Appalachian family. And they are a proud, majestic member of that family “Lording it over the surrounding country”. They are also active rather than passive, reacting to the weather and the seasons with changes in their ‘magical hues and shapes’. In fair weather, ‘they are clothed in blue and purple’. But sometimes, even though the sky is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory making the maintains come alive enables them to become mysterious and unpredictable, they may even play tricks on those who venture within their confines.

Thomas Paine: - Thomas Paine was an English pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, inventor and intellectual. On January 29, 1737, he was born. He was born and raised in England. Paine is sometimes known as “the Father of the American Revolution.” He had a great influence on the French Revolution. He was arrested in Paris and imprisoned in December 1793, and released in 1794. The Crisis is a collection of articles written by Paine during the American Revolution War. The Crisis not only describes the beginnings of the American Revolution but also the life of Paine himself. It was Paine who proposed the name United States of American for the new nation. His personal life did not fare much better. His first wife died and he later legally separated from his second wife. Paine had a grand vision for society. He was faithfully anti-slavery and he was one of the first to advocate a world peace organization and social security for the poor and elderly.

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The Guide

---- R.K Narayan

R.K. Narayan is now regarded as one of the greatest of Indians writing in English. He is not only a great novelist, but also an Indo- Anglian novelist. He is very pragmatic and realistic novelist. The Guide is one of the most popular novels of him. He was awarded for The Guise in 1960. The Guide is very theme base. The title has been entitled according to the guide of hero. In this novel writer keenly described the culture of Indian through the character of Raju.

Raju is the hero of this novel who is the guide. He himself guides. He is the protagonist. His life is very mysterious and eventful. He was born in a lower middle–class family of Malgudi. He was not so good at studies but his father wants to make him educated man. His father condemned him as a “clay-headed boy”. He moves like vagabond. So his father set up him as a shopkeeper. In a short period of time he become more popular because he has a convince power to any man.

In a time, he does not like this profession. So he wants to go to Malgudi rail station, where he playing the role of a tourists guide. One day Raju saw that Rosie and her husband had come to this rail station. To saw them he went to them very fast and says “I can help you”. Actually, to see Rosie Raju falls in love at the first sight.

Raju is not a good student but he is an intelligent. He has an eloquence power. He pretends as a master degree holder but he is only class eight educated man. Rosie is very beautiful and well formed, her beauty compare with Hellenic beauty. She is thirty years old and she completed her M.A degree in economics. On the other hand her husband Marco who is fifty up year’s old man. He is an archeologist. This place is unknown for them. So they take Raju as a guide.

As a tourists guide, Raju knows all place. Rosie says her husband to go to any other place for moving but Marco has no enough time. So he says you may go with Raju. Raju has an eloquent power by which he wins Rosie heart. They are going to Raju’s house where Raju’s mother lives. Here we see the conflict between mother and son. His mother tells him to spend Rosie to her husband’s house. But he has not followed his mother advice. His mother has recited paternal house. He is not shock for that. He is continuing illicit relation with Rosie.

Once Raju and Rosie saw snake charmer was playing with some snake. Raju thinks that it is one kind of way to earn money with Rosie dancing. When Raju propose Rosie to dance, Rosie says –

“I think I would be very happy, if I could do that.

I have so many ideas. I’d like to try.”

This is one kind of freedom to Rosie. She will enjoy herself and she will earn money. Raju has no ethical code of life. Now Rosie is the dancer and Raju is the manager.

But we see that Raju is addicted to gamble, drinks and drug. So they can’t preserve money. One day Raju know from Rosie, her jewellery box has been deposited in a bank of Malgudi. He has practices to signature of Rosie because this jewellery box withdraws only Rosie. Ultimately he successful withdraws the jewellery box from bank. He arrested by police because Marco has flied case. Rosie has identified Raju’s real character. She remembers her husband nostalgically ----

“After all, he is my husband. I have to respect him. I cannot leave him there.”

Raju came back from jail after three years. Now he is totally changed from the past. He has long beard. He looks like a saint. He was taking rest on the bank of river, a few miles away from Malgudi. Velan mistakes him for a holy man and mentions his problem to him. He invited to Raju go to his house. Raju commits about the sister of Velan, just like Majid of lalshalu, he says—

“I wish I had asked him what the age of the girl was.”

When Velan’s sister come to meet Raju with a basket full of fruits. Raju says---

“What is the necessity of bringing these fruits?”

Velan’s problem is solved by Raju. The simple villagers take him to be a holy man and begin to worship him and bring lots of eatables as gifts for him. Raju acts like a saint, delivers sermons and tries to solve the problems of the villagers.

However, there is severe famine and drought in the village. The crops do not grow for drought. So the villagers came to Raju for bringing down rain. Raju has started his fasting for bringing down rain. While fasting, he says---

“For the first time in his life, he was making an earnest effort,

for the first time, he was learning the thrill of full

application outside money and love.”

The people of various professions came to see Raju. The villagers requested Raju to come out from this cannel. But he says ---

“If by avoiding food I should help the trees bloom

And the grass grow, why not do it thoroughly.”

On the 12^th days of his fast, he indicates of rain to Velan. At last Raju exhausted and fall down.

At the end of this novel we find changes in Raju’s mind. He fells mental agony. Raju is the tourist guide turned prisoner and the prisoner turned saint, becomes a martyr for the cause of the common people. The Guide is a regional novel and it is full of ironical statements. Raju is rise and fall results in tragic-comic irony.

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The Scarlet Letter

--Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathanial Hawthorne is a great psychological novelist in the nineteenth century. He is an explorer of the dark side of human soul and observer of human life. He has written many novels but The Scarlet Letter is a masterpiece. The writer got the source of this story from an ancient document. He served as an officer in the customhouse. He found a document of real story from the store room.

In The Scarlet Letter “The Scarlet” means ‘red’ and “Letter” means ‘A’ and ‘A’ means ‘Adultery’. So “The Scarlet Letter” means ‘red A’. Hawthorne has preserved in his story the truth of life and truth of human nature. This novel is a story of puritanical crimes, punishment and redemption, which is based on the personal and social level. The greatness of a novelist is primarily judged by his portrayal of human characters.

Hester Prynne is the center character as well as heroine; she is tall young woman having an elegant figure. She has dark, abundant and glossy hair, a face which is beautiful with regular features, and deep black eyes. She looks like a young beautiful lady, with mesmerizing and voluptuous beauty just like Hellenic beauty. She had been prevailed upon to marry an old man.

Roger Chillingworth, the husband of Hester Prynne, a medical doctor and a cold, intellectual scientist, who has no passion and emotion for his wife. He was fifty five years old, who proved to be an unmatched husband. On the other hand, Herter was only twenty three years old. So she was very much passionate and emotional. Hester has no love for her husband, and then she falls in love with the brilliant, popular, young church Author Dimmesdale.

Hester Prynne is a ‘fallen’ woman, who does not have any profound or sense of guilt. She is aware of having injured her husband and of having violated the moral code of society, but she does not believe that she has committed sin against God or against herself. She is a passionate, sensual type of woman, who is able to keep her sensuality under control.

Dimmesdale is a priest, a representative figure of Puritanism. He is respected by all classes of people because of he has spiritual and divine quality. When Chillingworth was abroad, Hester would go to church and get spiritual comfort from Dimmesdale. Here adultery was committed. Hester becomes pregnant by the priest Dimmesdale.

Pearl is the illegal daughter of Hester Prynne and Dimmesdale. She is the product of an adulterous union. She is at time gentle and at time affectionate and violent. Actually pearl is the symbol of sin.

The first scaffold scene takes place at mid-day. Hester stand on the platform of the pillory carrying her baby in her arms, while people stand below. The leaders of the community stand above on a balcony and Dimmesdale also. Hester knows Dimmesdale is a man of honour, dignity and status. So she wanted to save the prestige of Dimmesdale very tacked fully and sympathetically. We can easily realize that both Dimmesdale and Hester love each other cordially. Chillingworth requested Hester to express the name of guilty person but she says-----

“My child will not get an earthly father

She will get a heavenly father”

The second scaffold scene in the story comes precisely at its middle. This is scene of Dimmesdale’s mockery of penitence. This scene has been staged at midnight, when every body is very busy to sleep very soundly and peacefully. Suddenly Hester and Pearl were coming beside the stage. Dimmesdale called on them to help him in his expressing penitence. Pearl advised him to arrange this scaffold scene at midday instead of midnight. Now Dimmesdale is really very shocked to hear the speech of Pearl because he is trying to hide his crime.

So we can say that Hester is the most focusing character in The Scarlet Letter. She has been drawn by Hawthorne on a large scale not only in body but also in heart. We feel that we are close to her all the time and we are completely convinced of her flesh and blood, of her heart and mind.

Ultimately we can comment that Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is an artistic and brilliant novel which reflects puritanical intolerance and punishment. Actually it is the focal and realistic picture of the age, where lies the greatness of Hawthorne.

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Q. Eliot’s theory of impersonality.

Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in America. He had originally lived in England and settled down in England. He is a famous critic as well as a classicist in literature. He is the Napoleon of English literature and has been compared with Aristotle. Tradition and The Individual Talent is a famous essay of T.S Eliot’s.

Eliot’s impersonality theory is his own view of the process of poetic creation. These theories deal with the role of the poet’s emotion and faith together with his experience in the process of his creative art. But his theory is a complete denial of the poet’s personality.

According to Eliot, the poet’s mind does not take any active part but it is there only as a catalyst in a chemical laboratory. He draws the example of the making of Sulphuric acid by a mixture of Oxygen and Sulphur. In order to fuse these elements a catalyzing agent in required. The catalyzing agent is a platinum filament. When the platinum is inserted into these elements, Sulphuric acid is made. But the platinum itself is not incorporated into the product. The platinum only helps the reaction. This is the work of the catalyst. The poet’s mind simple works as a catalyst that activates his sensibility, but has no other role in his poetry.

Eliot says that poetry is not a turning loose of emotion but an escape from emotion. It is not the expression of personality but an escape of personality. He points out the relation of the poem to its author and mentions that the poem has no relation to the poet. The mind of poet is like the catalytic agent. The personality of the poet does not find expression in his poetry.

The mind of the poet acts a catalyst. It operates upon either partly upon the experience/ passion of the poet himself. But the experience/ passions are only the material of poetry. The poetic mind transmutes them into new artistic wholes, thus surrendering personal emotion to the emotion of art. Thus the man who suffers and the mind that creates are completely different entities. The emotion of art is always complex but its complexity is quite different from that of the emotion in poetry is an error which leads only to eccentricity in poetry.

Eliot attacks Wordsworth’s definition of poetry as “emotion recollected in tranquility”. He mentions that neither emotion as such non recollection is poetry. The poetic process, on the other hand, implies a concentration which is not achieved consciously.

In fine, we can say that Eliot gives his own ideas and views in this essay. He was opposed to the Romantic. He was the greatest critic as well as a poet of his age. He was the representing figure of 20^th century in the field of modern English literature.

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Catalyst: - Eliot compares the mind of the poet to a catalyst. The mind of the poet is the shred of platinum. It operates upon either partly upon the experience/ passion of the poet himself. But the experience/ passions are only the material of poetry. The poetic mind transmutes them into new artistic wholes, thus surrendering personal emotion to the emotion of art. Thus the man who suffers and the mind that creates are completely different entities. The emotion of art is always complex but its complexity is quite different from that of the emotion in poetry is an error which leads only to eccentricity in poetry.

Notes of six Semester

2009-06-19T17:18:00.003+06:00

Q. Comment on the Byronic hero in Don Juan.

A hero is the chief person in poem, story, and play. Who is respected for bravery or noble qualities? He is a man of character having strong personality. He works for the nation and not for his own interest. But the Byronic heroes are of unconventional type. In his famous satiric epic, Don Juan, Byron describes the type of his hero in the very beginning line of canto- I

“I want a hero, an uncommon want”

Byronic hero is a vicious and unprincipled character and leads him through those ranks of society, where high external accomplishments cover and cloak internal and secret vices.

Byron creates his hero to disclose the hypocrisy and the corruption of high society. Don Juan is none but a mouth– piece of Byron to disclose his own character, personality and philosophy who is not purely good or dignified, rather a mixture of both good and evil.

Don Juan is the son of Don Jose and Donna Ines. He is a handsome boy of sixteen. He is tall, slender but well- knit. He seems to be very active and precocious. Byron describes him in the following way----------

“Young Juan now was sixteen years of age,

Tall, handsome, slender but well-knit: he seemed active”

Don Juan is rouge. He does not hesitate to illicit physical touch with Donna Julia, a woman of his mother’s age. She is the wife of Don Alforso and a friend of Don Juan’s family, who is unhappy, married. Byron describes his nature as a mischief making monkey from his birth.

Don Juan is wicked to the backbone. But he is humble and obedient to his mother. He never revolt against the rules imposed by his mother. He is always seen greed his mother’s advice. We find Don Juan undertaking sea travel after the liking of his mother. Heroes in general are well educated. But Don Juan is educated on a personal syllabus designed by his mother which is far from being practical. His education includes some religious and moralistic knowledge.

Byron’s heroes are brave and restless. When Don Juan’s illicit love affair is discovered, he is sent to European countries for four years by his mother. He is brave enough to sail out to unknown sea as for an uncertain and risky life. Byron’s heroes are lovers of freedom. Don Juan has been used by Byron to satirize the existing society. Byron does not hesitate to say “only the bond of marriage cannot make a conjugal life happy.”

In context of the delineation as stated above we come across that the poem Don Juan is abound with the elements of Byronic hero and Byron achieves success in evoking it to a great extent.

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Great Expectations

----- Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens is the name of a dominating of Victorian novelist. Social picture is reflected through his novels. Great Expectations is a great novel of Charles Dickens. The title of Great expectations has been entitled according to the expectation of various characters of this novel. It is an autobiographical novel because the struggle and grief of the novelist has been reflected through his mouthpiece Pip.

In the story of this novel we come to see that Pip is an orphan who is being brought up under the nourishment of Mr. and Mrs. Joe. When the parents of Pip died they requested Mrs. Joe to look after Pip and to educate him. Mrs. Joe undertook the responsibility with a great promise but she has broken her promise not to nourish Pip properly because she is highly materialistic. She insisted Pip to be a blacksmith under the guidance of Mr. Joe instead of going to school. But Mr. Joe wanted to educate Pip.

One day Pip went to visit a broken church beside the house of Mr. Joe. Suddenly, he saw a convicted criminal in that broken church. The criminal was tied up with chain, which has fled away from the jail. Criminal threatened Pip to bring some food and file because he was very hungry. At the very beginning Pip refused the request of that criminal named Abel Magwitch. Finding no other alternative Pip went to steal food and file for him. Getting food file Abel Magwitch became set free and he was highly grateful to Pip.

Now Pip is a small blacksmith. Pip got an opportunity from Miss. Havisham, who was looking for a servant to look after her house. Mr. Joe informed Miss. Havisham that there is a boy named Pip. Mrs. Joe was unwilling to permit Pip to go because she wants to make him a blacksmith. But Mr. Joe helps Pip to go to the residence of Miss. Havisham, who is very aristocratic, proud, haughty, cruel and hardhearted woman

At first, Pip is not cordially received by Estella; the proud, haughty and very beautiful girl. She does not like to be the friend of Pip. Actually she is the puppet of Miss. Havisham’s hand. Miss. Havisham has no sympathy for male. Because, she determined to marry Compeyson, but she cheated by him in the field of love. She has taken decision that not to show any sympathy to any lover.

Suddenly, Pip gets another opportunity to go to Landon for his western education. But he does not know who the real benefactor of his life is. It is his idea that Miss. Havisham has undertaken this responsibility of educating him western education. Mr. Jaggars has been appointed as the lawyer of Pip’s education. Now Pip and Mr. Jaggars have reached the city of Landon.

Estella marred with Drummule and she is passing her days through a hazardous journey. She cherished a great expectation that she will had a happy conjugal life but all of her hopes and dream are nipped in the bud because the alcoholism of Drummule. The nostalgia has caught the whole identity of Estella that she has mistaken a great mistake to neglect and reject Pip.

In the city of Landon Pip is going to fulfill his long cherish expectation. When he has completed his education Able Magwitch, the real benefactor of Pip’s education, expresses his desire to see Pip with his own eyes. Pip has got the information that his benefactor is coming to see him. To see Abel Magwitch, Pip behaves with him very unexpectedly and roughly because he does not know that criminal is the real benefactor. Magwitch and pip became so emotional that tears were flowing down from their eyes, they embrace with each other. Estella has already divorced Drummule. When Pip has come back from Landon both Estella and Pip got married. Thereupon Pip took Estella’s hand in his own hand and told her that they would never part from each other now.

So, undoubtedly Great Expectations is a famous novel of Charles Dickens. We see the happy ending and also the fulfillment of great expectations. The title is very much meaningful according to the theme of the novel.

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Q. Discuss the four voyage of Gulliver.

Swift is one of the distinguished prose artists of the neo-classical age and his satirical masterpiece Gulliver’s Travels make him widely known. Gulliver’s Travels is a fierce indictment on human vices and follies. It has the rare merit of appealing to both old and young as a powerful satire on man and human institutions and as a fascinating tale of travel in wonderland. Throughout the four voyages, Swift under the persona of Gulliver ruthlessly exposes the shortcomings of every aspect of human life and civilization.

Gulliver’s Travels is an adventure story and a fanciful of account of strange and wonderful lands. The entire work of Gulliver Travels is divided into four voyages; every voyage is an adventure in itself. Every land which Gulliver visits is a wonderful land and Gulliver’s experiences everywhere are strange, exciting or amusing.

In the first voyage of Gulliver’s Travels dealing with the Lilliputians. In Lilliput, Gulliver meets people who are pigmies, are not more than six inches high. The Lilliputians are tiny people; they are smaller than vermin’s, they are in miniature form like dolls. The manner in which several ladders are applied by the Lilliputian to Gulliver’s sides so that they may climb up in order to provide food to him is even more amusing. In the metropolis of Lilliput, Gulliver becomes an object of curiosity; he is given the name “man-mountain”. Gulliver helps the king of Lilliput to defeat the forces of the enemy country which is called Blefuscu. The manner in which he cripples the enemy fleet is exciting as well as amusing. The customs of the Lilliputians are also a source of great amusement to us. This miniature form of man signifies that man is not the best creature; he has no greatness, no nobility and no nationality.

Gulliver’s next voyage to Brobdingnog. In Brobdingong, Gulliver meets people who are like monsters or giants, who are twelve times the height of Gulliver. Here too Gulliver becomes an object of curiosity for the inhabitants though for the opposite reason. The animal and the insects in this land are also very huge. For instance, a cat here is three times larger than an ox in England, a rat here is of the size of a big dog in England. The flies, the wasps, the monkeys and the eagles are also proportionately large. The behavior of the maids of honour in Brobdingnog towards Gulliver is also extremely amusing. In this voyage, Gulliver was looked after by the farmer’s nine year daughter. This young girl became quite fond of Gulliver. She attends to all his needs and begins to teach him the language of this country. She is about forty feet high. This gigantic or monstrous size of man in Brobdingnog signifies that man is a cruel, ferocious and frightful animal. He builds up something to destroy and loves somebody to deceive or betray him and her.

In the third part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver is another wonderful land Leputa, Balnibarbi and Japan etc. In this voyage Gulliver gives us an account of the people of the flying island, Laputa. These people too have their absurdities and shortcomings. The women of Laputa, however, are in no way like their men, the Laputian wives are gay, vivacious woman who bridle at their confinement on the flying island. They deceive their husband.

Another strange feature of life on Leputa is that mutton, beef, pudding, and other eatables are given geometrical shapes or the shapes of musical instruments. The men on this voyage island are so busy in their cogitations. In this voyage Gulliver meets people who are scientists, inventors, innovators and philosophers. The projects taken by the scientists of Lagado expose the irrationality of the intellectuals in undertaking researches which can yield no practical results. The account of the Academy is a satire an projectors, academies, planners, intellectuals, infact all people who proceed according to theory are useless when it comes to actual practice. Swift has actually attacked the intellectual values of human beings.

In the fourth part of Gulliver’s Travels we find another wonderful land the Yahoos and the Houyhnhnms. This is Gulliver’s last voyage. The Houyhnhnms are actually horses who posses a very handsome appearance. They are naturally virtuous and no evil qualities. They are perfectly national. The horses can even teach their language to a human being. Gulliver picks up the language of the Houyhnhnms and then has regular conversations with his master who is a horse and with whom Gulliver is able to exchange ideas and information. The Houyhnhnms have a wonderful organization and a perfect system by which they govern themselves. They are guided in all their actions by “Reason, Truth and Nature”. On the otherhand, Yahoos who are dirty, ugly looking and brutish and who are completely devoid of reason or rationality. By contrast with the Houyhnhnms the Yahoos are hateful and detestable.

Gulliver was living happily among the Houyhnhnms. In this country there was no danger at all of the treachery of a friend or of any injury from a secret or open enemy, because the society of the Houyhnhnms was totally free from such evils. Gulliver would feel impressed by the virtue and wisdom of the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver had now even begun to imitate the manner of talking and the manner of walking of the Houyhnhnms.

From the above discussion, it can be conclude that it has become almost a practice to consider the views of the protagonist to be autobiographical of the author. Finally, it must be pointed out that it is not enough to describe Gulliver’s Travels merely as an adventure story or a tale of wonder. It is a satiric masterpiece in which Swift exposes human follies and absurdities.

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Short note:

Jonathan Swift:

Jonathan Swift was born Dublin on November 30, 1667. His father’s name is Jonathan Swift Senior. He was an English lawyer but he had settled in Dublin. Dublin is in Irland. He died before eight month his son’s (Jonathan Swift) birth. When his son that is Jonathan Swift was just 3 years his wife returned England and left her son, incare of his uncle, Godwim. Godwim proved his nephew a good education in Kilkane School and Tinite Collage. Swift interned Tinite Collage at the age of fourteen. He was a graduate and worked for M.A. until 1688. Swift’s uncle died in 1688 and Swift have to live with his own efforts. He joined his mother and looked about implement. After a sort period of time and opportunity came from Sir William Temple. Who was them living in retirement at moor part. Temple’s father had been a friend of Swift’s uncle and Lady Temple was a man culture and a redound diplomat. He was indeed of someone to help him in his literary work and he interested Swift with the job. Swift was at that time an untrained young man of 22. Swift visited England only twice after 1714. In 1726, he went to London and published Gulliver Travels. In 1727, he visited England for the last time. He was declared mentally incompetent in 1742 and died in October, 1745 leaving his estate to charity.

Q. Explain Keats as an escapist.

Keats is quite objective and impersonal. His poetry is of the beauty, for the beauty and by the beauty. For him, beauty is the truth. He is a worshiper of senses but he is not ‘fleshy’ or merely physical. There is a quality of the spiritual in his poetry.

Keats’s escapism is based on not only his fear for the hard realities of life but his longing for the dreamy world of permanent happiness of the joyous world.

In his Ode to a Nightingale, he represents his escapism. Keats’s Nightingale is a sweet singing bird. It is the voice of the perfect and secures happiness, beauty and love for which the unhappy young poet longed and which always appeared to be beyond his grasp. Keats is an unfortunate fellow. The death of his mother in tuberculosis, his brother’s death and finally Fanny Brawne’s betrayal make him utterly frustrated about life. So he wants to make flight to the world of Nightingale, the world of imagination which will provide him with a utopia free from pangs and agonies of the real life. He knows he is going to die so it pains him because he would be deprived of the beautiful song of Nightingale. He says -----

“Darkling I listen, and for many a time

I have been half in love with easeful Death”

In his another poem Ode on Melancholy, the poet shows an equal awareness of the final realities of life. He does not indulge in any ideal fabrication of beauty and joy because he already knows that both of them are temporary in character. He says

“She dwells with Beauty–Beauty that must die

And joy, whose hand is ever at his lips Bidding adieu.”

Ultimately Keats comes back to the real world. In fact, art is not an escape from life but an escape into life. Art opens the horizon to lose oneself into the real world. Actually Keats achieves this state of attitude towards life. This lies in the core of Ode to a Nightingale.

A host of critics have said that Nightingale is the symbol of sorrow and agony. So Keats wants to win the adversities of life being overpowered by them. Finally with his last word ‘forlorn’ he abruptly comes back to the real world because art does not make a man escape life, rather it makes the man capable to face life with all its dimensions.

Actually Keats has dealt with each one of them will full poetic justice. All moods have been put across with equal perfection of art and language and this makes the odes of Keats new in themselves. All the Odes of Keats carry the different moods and different ideas.

Pidgin: A pidgin is a contract language or lingua franca, a mixture of elements from different natural languages. Its use is usually restricted to certain groups, e.g. traders and seamen. Pidgin traders communicate with the local population or workers or with their bosses. It has limited vocabulary, reduced grammatical structure. Elements from another language have been absorbed in the form of vocabulary or in the form of sentence structure. e.g. - Bahasa Pasar (pidginized form of Malay) spoken by Chinese, on-Malays in Malaysia and Singapore. The term ‘Pidgin’ has been defined in several ways. We cite below a few definitions. -----------

“It often happens that, to communicate with each other, two or more people use a language in a variety whose grammar and vocabulary are very much reduced in extent and which is native to neither side. Such a language is a Pidgin.”

-----Robt. Hall

“The process of pidginization is usually assumed to begin when a language is used only for very limited communication between groups who speak different native languages. Sharply restricted in domains of use, it undergoes varying degrees of simplification and admixture. If a new stable variety of the language emerges from this process, it might be described as a pidgin.”

-----John Rickford

In the nineteenth century, when slaves from Africa were brought over to North America to work on the plantations, they were separated from the people of their community and mixed with people of various other communities, therefore they were unable to communicate with each other. Pidgins also arose because of colonization. Prominent languages such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, English and Dutch were the languages of the colonizers. They traveled and set up ports in coastal towns where shipping and trading routes were accessible.

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Creole: when a pidgin becomes a lingua franca. It is called a creole. Creoles are classified according to the language from which most of their vocabulary comes. e.g. - English based, French based, Portuguese based, Jamaican creole, Hawaiian creole, Krio in Sierra Leone.

“A creole language arises when a pidgin becomes the native language of a speech community.”

-----Robt. Hall

“Pidginization is usually associated with simplification in outer form, creolization with complication in outer form. The component processes of pidginization and creolization occur generally in languages.”

-----Dell Hymes

Thus a creole may acquire a standardized grammar, vocabulary and sound- system. And it may then be spoken by an increasing number of people as their first language. It exist most often in post –colonial areas, where they tend to be the vernacular of spontaneous daily use, are native languages acquired as mother tongues. It has neither such history, nor much prestige either. A creole or a creolized language is a mixed natural language composed of elements of different languages in areas of intensive contact.

Short notes: (A). Regional Dialect. (B). Social Dialect.

A regional, temporal or social variety within a single language is a Dialect. It differs in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary from the standard language, which is in itself a socially favoured dialect. So a dialect is a variation of language sufficiently different to be considered a separate entity within a language but not different enough to be classed as a separate language. Everyone speaks in Dialect. One of the most common Dialects is.

(A). Regional Dialect: A regional dialect is a variety of language according to the geographical location of the speaker. Two factors that come into play are distance and time. A language undergoes internal differentiation a speakers distance themselves from one another over time a space. When speakers of the same language are separated from one another by space or some physical barrier, each group then speaks the language in some distinctive ways. The extent to which members of a language community are isolated by these barriers, their speech patterns will diverge, resulting in speech change.

British Vs American

In hospital In the hospital

Next day The next day

Have you-------? Do you have-----?

First Floor Second Floor

(B). Social Dialect: A Social dialect is a variety of language, spoken by the members of a particular group or stratum of a speech community. There are differences in social dialects between different social groups. Social dialect would be a variety associated with a specific social class, marking that class off from other classes. Social dialects refer to non- regional differences. They depend on factors such as social class, gender and age. Thus, people in the same social group tend to be more similar in language than people from different social groups living in the same region.

Morpheme: Morpheme is the minimum grammatical unit. Such as the four components un, -faith, -ful, -ness of unfaithfulness are called morphemes. Morphemes are customarily described as minimal units of grammatical analysis—the units of “lowest” rank out of which words, the units of next “highest” rank are composed. Morpheme may or may not have meaning, may or may not have a phonological representation. A morpheme may be monosyllabic as (man, a, an, the) and polysyllabic as (happy, nature). A morpheme has been called ‘a grammatical moneme’ by Martinet. Another synonym for the morpheme is ‘glosseme’.

Acquisition Vs learning: The term ‘acquisition’ is used to refer to picking up a second language through exposure, whereas the term ‘learning’ is used to refer to the conscious study of a second language. However, I wish to keep an open mind about whether this is a real distinction or not, so I shall use ‘acquisition’ and ‘learning’ interchangeably, irrespective of whether conscious or subconscious processes are involved. If I wish to use either of these terms with a more specific meaning, they will be italicized and their reference made explicit.

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George Eliot

Mary Ann Evans, who is known to her readers by her pen-name of George Eliot. She was born in Warwickshire in 1819. Her father became the estate agent of Francis Newdigate. In 1801, he had married Harriott Poynton and she had two children. In 1813, he married Christiana Pearson who had three children like Christina, Isaac and Mary Ann Evans. The second family moved from Arbury to Griff. In1824, Mary Ann Evans was sent to a boarding school with Christina in Warwickshire. For a few years, she studied at two private schools, but the death of her mother made it necessary for her to leave school at the age 17 to take the charge of her father’s house. Thereafter, her education was gained by miscellaneous reading. She continued to study French, German, Italian, Latin, Greek and Music. Adam Bede, Silas Marner, Romola and Middlemarch are famous novels of George Eliot. She was one of the greatest novelists of the Victorian age. She died in 1880.

Silas Marner

Silas Marner is a brief tale of the redemption of an embittered miser through love. The character Silas Marner is a handloom weaver. He is a good man whose life has been wrecked by a false accusation of theft. For years he lives a lonely life and a though he makes a lot of money and is able to accumulate quite a treasure but it is all stolen from him by an unscrupulous young son of a good family. Then he is saved from his state of despair by his chance finding of a little girl whom he loves like his own daughter. Silas Marner is allowed to live out the rest of his days with the child in peace.

Discuss the character of Silas Marner.

Silas Marner is the hero of the novel Silas Marner by George Eliot. He is first introduced as a pallid man with brown strong eyes to us. He leads a lonely life. In the novel, he is a human weaver. He is a good man whose life has been wrecked by a false accusation of theft. For years he lives a lonely life and although he lives a lonely life, he makes a lot of money and is able to accumulate quite a treasure but it is all stolen from him by an unscrupulous young son of a good family. There he is saved from his state of despair by his chance finding of a little girl whom he loves like his own daughters. He was allowed to live out the rest of his days with the child in peace.

Silas Marner does not go to the church and also to the village Inn. In the beginning, he is presented to us as a man having no faith in God and humanity. A bit of cynicism has crept into him. He has settled in the village of Raveloe in a stone cottage. During his stay at handloom, some tragedy might have happened to him. His life has been wrecked by a false accusation of theft. He was then frustrated. Some wound is there in his heart. He might have extremely affection by nature in the former life. But he is also proud. Some tragedy might have happened to him in his former life. Thus he is not ready to love anybody.

Silas Marner’s purposelessness of life exerts a degrading influence upon him. His life becomes narrow and selfish-the mechanical life of an insect which has no relation with any other being. He grows to be a miser. He becomes to love his gold. His highest enjoyment is to touch and see his gold and to count his gold. Having an eye of his gold gives him more pleasure than his food even when he is hungry. But it was all stolen by an unscrupulous young son of a good family. His grief at his loss is touching in the extreme. He is rescued by the coming of little Eppie. She fills the blank created by the thief. Silas Marner thinks that the child has come in compensation for his gold. His life is changed. He thinks of money only in relation to the needs of Eppie. Eppie links his life to that of his neighbours. His love is revived and his faith in God and man is rekindled. His love for Eppie brings into the play the bright side of the character. For the good of Eppie, he forgets his old routine of hoarding guineas. After that, Silas Marner lives a happy life with Eppie.

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Tess of the D’Urbervilles

Thomas Hardy is a Victorian novelist. He was profoundly influenced by his age and his environments. Hardy’s conception of life is essentially tragic and his attitude of life is melancholic and depressive. He represents the Victorian crisis in his novels. The Victorian period is morally degraded and full of realism but it has a lack of faith. Thomas hardy has a subtle art to represent realism through the story of his novels. As a novelist of the 19^th century he has written some distinguished and note-worthy novels. Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of the well known novels of him and it claims the best novel of the world because it represents the Victorian crisis through some characters.

Tess is the heroine of this novel who was born in a poor family. She is passing her life in poverty and starvation. For her poverty she was educated up to class seven. Though she is poor but she possesses exquisite beauty. The beauty of Tess is compared with Hellenic beauty. Tess is a girl of patience, struggle, endurance at the same time she is a girl of sincerity and honesty. She is not a self-contred girl rather she is self sacrificing.

Tess is a girl who has a closed, relation to with the rustic people. She is highly beautiful and promising girl. Actually, the beauty of Tess is one kind of temptation for the male. Beauty is the most valuable position of the life of Tess. She is very proud for her enchanting beauty. Once we see a black storm in her life, which has capsized the life of Tess. That black storm has been created by the villain Mr. Alec.

Mr. Alec is the villain of this novel, who has a lost of property. He wears a mask. He has dual nature externally he seems to be an angle but externally he is a devil. Alec was worshiped by the so-called people of the then society. One day Alec saw Tess when she was grazing her cattle’s in the field. To see the beauty of Tess he gazed at her with his tempting eyes.

Mr. Alec offered his love to Tess but she denied his proposal. He expresses his love again and again but she does not accept his proposal. At last Alec became angry and wonted to loot her chastity. Tess implored to Alec not to take her chastity but who hears whose word? One night circumstances contrived against her and in a state of semi-consciousness he looted her all, what a virgin can boast of. When Alec seduces her, Tess says ----“I have been lost, I’ve been ruined.”

Tess, after losing her chastity is fallen indulged in the ocean of grief and the darkness. She is thinking that possibility of happy conjugal life has ended. Alec has threatened Tess not to disclose this incident to anybody. She has become pregnant because of the seduction of Alec before the marriage. The parents of Tess are consoling her to forget the incident because she was the victim of circumstances. And at the same time they also advice her to abort the child.

But Tess is fully determined to give her child a golden opportunity because she wanted to take revenge on Mr. Alec. Tess has become the mother of a child. She named him Sorrow because his life is full of sadness and darkness. Tess is very hopeful and optimistic to take revenge with the help of Sorrow. But two years, later Sorrow had died and her all hopes all dreams are ripped the bad.

Now, Tess is seriously shocked and frustrated and her dream has totally been capsized through the death of Sorrow. Tess has continued her lamentation for same days. Gradually smile returned upon her lips, though contemplation had become her temperament. After two long years she again stared to earn her livelihood as a dairy maid. She wants to forget her gloomy past but she cannot forget it. In the dairy where she worked as a dairy maid she introduced with Angle Clare.

Angle Clare is young, energetic, smart, handsome good looking and a well educated man. Seeing the beauty of Tess he falls in love at first sight. He offered his love to Tess and he wanted to marry her because he did not know the gloomy past of the life of Tess. He thinks that Tess is an innocent girl. Tess strongly opposed Angel Clare’s proposal to marry her because she did not want to deceive him. To Angle Clare, Tess says ---------

“If I would tell you my past history

You would begin to hate me.”

Angle Clare is fully determined to marry Tess. He reveals his love to Tess again and again. At last we see the change of mind of Tess and she accepts his proposal. But before marriage she appeals to Angle to say something about her past life because she believes in simplicity and frank speaking. But Angle Clare answered that I don’t hear anything. Actually he is infatuated with the beauty of Tess.

Now, Angle Clare has married Tess but at the wedding night he wants to know about her past life. Tess has fallen in a tantalizing situation and finding no other alternative she is bound to say about her past incidence. Tess confessed her guilt to Angle Clare--------------

“I was a Child – a child when it happened

I know nothing of men.”

Knowing the gloomy past of the life of Tess, Angle becomes very shocked but eventually he consoles his mind that I have married her and she is my wife. The parents of Angle Clare did not accept Tess as a wife of Angle Clare. Because she was born in a poor family and worked as dairy maid. There is a conflict between Tess and the parents of Angle Clare. They decided to send Clare to Brazil for the business of tree plantation. Their target was to make separation between Tess and Clare.

Tess has decided to go to her parental house because she thinks that Angle has totally forgotten her. She also thinks that perhaps Angle wills never com back and she has no faith on Angle. Tess is now in her parental house where she meets again Mr. Alec. He wanted to marry Tess but she did not pay heed. He says to Tess that Angle Clare is a cheat he will never come back. At last he is prevailing upon marry Tess. The former she accepted, the latter she rejected. After passing few days we see that Alec is more cheat than Angle. Tess is passing her ways very pessimistically and at the same time she is waiting to take revenge to Alec.

On the other side, Angle failed in his experiences over the Brazilian soils. He thinks that he has done injustice with his wife. To seek happiness in arms of his wife he returned to his home and knows about all the calamities which Tess had to face. When Tess heard that Angle Clare has come back she murder Alc. The following morning she is arrested. Angle Clare has heard the news that Tess has murdered Alec he goes to the prison to meet Tess. Tess says -----

“Oh, you have you’re my life all to pieces

Oh, God – I can’t bear this”

After that Tess had asked Angle in the name of intense and true love to marry with Liza-Lu after her death.

Eventually, it can be said that Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles is undoubtedly a pessimistic novel. Here we see the tragic death of our heroine. But as the story progresses the reader is drawn to a very full understanding of Tess’s character. So Tess as the heroine claims to be the brilliant example of supreme sacrifice in the field of love and straggle which she has, of course proved through sacrificing her life.

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Q. What is mock heroic epic? Do you consider, The Rape of the Lock mock-heroic epic?

Alexander Pope’s masterpiece The Rape of the Lock mirrors the picture of the 18^th century society. He is very artistically upholds the ins and outs of people’s life, behavior, attitude of that society. He also represents vulgarity, vanity, affection, fashion, fops and false wit, fake social prestige, bondage of the then upper class people.

Mock-heroic epic is a long narrative poem like an epic poem in which trivial things are mockingly treated in a heroic manner. A heroic style is imitated. Little is made great and the great little in order to make the little and insignificant look more ridiculous. So The Rape of the Lock is a mock–heroic epic poem.

In the story of this epic we come to see that there is a conflict between Belinda and the Baron. Belinda is the heroine in this epic who was born in a royal family. She is a very fashionable woman. Belinda is the most famous character in Pope’s poetry. She is a bundle of contradiction. On the other hand she is the object of satire, goddess of beauty and charm. Through this epic Pope describes the flippancy and depravity of the English society through the character of Belinda.

Belinda represents the typical fashionable ladies of the time. What is her life and how does she spend her day? There is not the slightest glimpse of seriousness or sincerity goodness or grandeur of human life in any of he words and action. Belinda is a beautiful lady, she is a flirt and coquette.

“Favours to none, to all she smiles extends

Oft she rejects, but never she offends.”

The Rape of the Lock is a social satire. The aim of it is the reformation of men, women and manners. The poem reflection of aristocratic, artificial life and painted with a humourous, delicate satire. It shows the idle life of the pleasure- seeking young men, women and use it introduces us to a world of frivolity and fashion. Physically beauty bound to fade without good sense. The whole panorama is limited of the 18^th century, which is totally meaningless and purposeless.

Belinda loves her lap-dog more than her lovers. The poet satirizes her, for her idealness. After weakling, she must perform her toilet. Her dressing table has a number of expensive beautifying articles like powder paint, jewellery boxes. In tact Belinda is in with her own beauty. The toilet table is like a church to her. Pope calls her the goddess of beauty. Pope says----

“How awful beauty puts on all its arms;

The fair each moment rises in her charms.”

The toilette in fact is the great business of her life and the right adjustment of her hair, the decoration of her face. The beauty of Belinda’s elaborating description of her toilette in this epic. In this epic Pope show her satirical, outward charms and the inward frivolity of fashionable ladies. Their hearts are toy-shops.

In The Rape of the Lock Pope gives a detailed description of the scene. Where Belinda’s beautiful lock of hair is to be raped. The poet in a very subtle manner satirizes of the English queen palace. At was in this palace that Belinda and her companions played cards and enjoyed coffee. And it was here that her lock of hair was cut off. Belinda is a very much frustrated and upset by losing he hair. Pope says----

“With varying vanities from every part

They shift the moving toyshop of their heart”

In fine, it is the masterpiece creation of Pope, where he shown his extra-ordinary creativity. He expresses the fashion, behavior, vanity, affection and the life style of the fashionable ladies of that time.

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Tom Jones

-----Henry fielding

Henry Fielding is the father of English novel. He had a very interesting personality. He had a deep knowledge of life which he gained from his own experiences. He began his literary career as a playwright but his best work is a novel Tom Jones. The title of Tom Jones has been entitled according to the name of the hero, Tom Jones.

Tom Jones, the hero of this novel is an illegitimate child and the foster son of Squire Allworthy. Squire Allworthy regards him as Jenny Jones’s son. He is a well-formed handsome personality. Fielding invests him with the beauty of Adonis and the strength of Hercules, besides; he is a robust, youngman a tireless worker, a fearless rider and a boxer in strength and agility almost a match for a professional.

In the story of this novel we came to see that Tom is a foundling who is being brought up under the nourishment of Allworthy and his sister Bridget. However, sometimes it appears as if Bridge prefers the founding even to her own son. It is both astonishing and praise worthy that in spite of son unfavorable circumstances Tom grows up into a very healthy youngman, free from any mental complexes and retains the innate goodness of heart.

Tom quite a mischievous had has Black George, the gamekeeper, among his friends. The two are together involved in a poaching incident on a neighboring estate belonging to the Squire Western, an ill-tempered boorish country Squire. Tom lies to Allworthy that he alone was involved in the poaching incident. But he lies to save Black George, not himself Tom, in order to save Black George takes the blame upon him and helps his family in many other ways.

Tom gets interested in two women, Black George’s daughter Molly, an aggressive coquets and Squire Western’s daughter Sophia, gentle, virtuous and generous. A series of incidents bring Tom and Sophia together and they fall in love with each other. But this puts Tom in a dilemma. Molly is found to be pregnant and Tom ascribes to himself the responsibility for her pregnancy. Secondly, being a penniless bastard, he knows, he cannot be acceptable to Squire Western who insists on a prudential marriage for his daughter.

Now, Tom and Sophia are both on the road separately of course. Tom desirous of joining the army, runs into a company of recruits and volunteers to join them, but offended by a baloney jest by Ensign Northerton at the expense of mater. Sophia picks a quarrel with him and gets wounded. Tom rescues an old recluse, the man of Hill from being robbed by two ruffians and the very next morning he saves Mrs. Waters from being strangled by Ensign Northerton. He conducts Mrs. Waters to the Upton Inn.

The Upton Inn is the centre of some gripping drama. Tom Jones is seduced by Mrs. Waters. Sophia accidentally reaching the some Inn quickly discovers Tom’s involvement with Mrs. Waters and departs without meeting him. In London, Tom takes lodgings with Mrs. Miller. Her daughter Nancy, pregnant, is threatened with a rejection by her lover Nightingale. Tom prevails upon Nightingale to marry Nancy and save Mrs. Miller’s family from utter disaster.

In the last phase of the novel, Lady Bellaston plays a very crucial role. Sophia being the real object of Tom’s attention, Lady Bellaston with the purpose of getting her out of the way, persuades Lord Fellamar to rape her so that in her disgrace she might be to accept him as her husband. Sophia is fortunately rescued by the timely arrival of Squire Western who takes her in his own custody.

At the end of the novel Jenny Jones gives out the secret of Tom’s true parentage, he is the illegitimate son of Bridget from summer. Though Sophia was indifferent in the beginning, the pleadings of Mrs. Miller, Squire Allworthy and Squire Western who had turned a staunch supporter of Tom, softened her little. The wedding was soon celebrated and Tom and Sophia lived happily ever after

George Eliot

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Question: Comment on the narrative technique employed by Emily Bronte in Wuthering heights.

Emily Bronte belongs to the Victorian period (1830-1880). Her literary output was very meagre besides some poetry, she wrote just one novel, Wuthering Heights, which has been recognized as a masterpiece of English fiction and has made her famous. This is a novel of love, revenge, wildness and also a story of two houses or families.

In Wuthering Heights Bronte has used a conventional technique with some innovations. The novelty of her technique is that she has used two narrators instead of one. Bronte has used this technique in order to make her novel objective. She uses first person singular number.

The two narrators in Wuthering Heights are Lockwood and Nelly Dcan. Nelly is the principal narrator and Lockwood narrates very small portion of the story. Nelly served both Earnshaw family and Linton family and she relates the history of the families to Lockwood who notes down the description. Lockwood, a perfect stranger, comes to Wuthering Heights and becomes curious about the past history of his new landlord. He asks his housekeeper about Heathcliff and she recounts thirty years of events (1771-1801). Lockwood writes all of these down and then leaves. After nine months, he returns on a whim. Nelly tells him the rest of the story.

Lockwood can be regarded as more impartial than Nelly. He has no reason to distort the facts. Lockwood is emotionally a cold kind of person and we can accept him as a reliable story teller. It was essential to Emily Bronte’s purpose that we should believe the story of her novel wholly. Lockwood’s role is to add convincing evidence to what Nelly tells us through him. Through his person, from the very beginning, we feel the tension of the whole story. But we cannot forget that Lockwood narrates very small portion of the story. The greater portion is narrated by Nelly.

Emily Bronte used Nelly as a narrator to give an objective view to the story. Nelly prides herself on her common sense and is complacent enough about her own role in the story to give all the facts without suppression. Lockwood himself admits that Nelly is a fair narrator. Credibility is the principal ingredient in judging the story of a novel. Nelly’s story is credible because she is very close to the persons, events and is confident of almost all the characters. The story is improbable but we forget the improbability when we hear the story from a reliable narrator. But we cannot accept Nelly as a reliable narrator. She has lost her credibility because she helps Heathcliff to make Linton Hethcliff fall in love with Catherine Linton. Despite knowing the nefarious plan of Heathcliff, she helps him to get Catherine’s love for his son. Nelly often passes very ugly comments on Heathcliff and also comments on the principle characters. This attitude of Nelly does not allow us to believe her story.

Emily Bronte used another device to narrate the story. The novel begins not at the beginning of the story; it begins towards the end of the story.

We can raise an objection to the device of using a servant as a narrator. Nelly is not educated enough to remember exactly and in every detail all that had happened so many years before. It is strange that, Nelly should be able not only to recall every little incident and episode but also to reproduce so many dialogues. Not only that, we cannot believe that, Lockwood could reproduce the details described by Nelly. Thus these two narrators are supposed to posses extra-ordinary and supernatural powers of remembering things. In fact, the improbability of the story is aggravated.

The supernatural suggestions used as a narrative device are unconvincing. Lockwood’s dreams have supernatural touch and as a stranger he cannot dream such things that are really related with Heathcliff’s life.

The dramatic scenes and dialogues used by the novelist arrest the attention and interest of the readers and make them believe the story.

The abnormal figures like Cathering and Heathcliff become convincing to the readers because of the psychological basis of the story.

Lockwood’s last visit at Wuthering Heights adds to the plausibility of the story.

In fine, it cannot be denied that, the different narrative technique used by Emily Bronte make the readers believe the story that is often repulsive and disgusting.

Wuthering Height

-----Emily Bronte

Emily Bronte is a female novelist of Victorian period. She is the contemporary writer of Thomas Hardy. As a novelist she has written many novels in which Wuthering Heights is a famous, noteworthy and masterpiece creation of her.

Wuthering Heights is the story of two families-the Earnshaw family and the Linton family. The Earnshaw family, which lives at a place called Wuthering Heights, consists of, Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw and their two children, Hindley and Catherine. The Linton family lives at a place called Thruscross Grange, situated at a distance of about four miles from Wuthering Heights, down in the valley, consists of Mr. and Mrs. Linton and their two children, Edgar and Isabella.

One day Mr. Earnshaw visits Liverpool, where he picks up an unknown dirty and ragged child from slum and brings him home to Wuthering Heights. The child is given the name of Heathcliff. Heathcliff was cordially received by the family member of Earnshaw except the boy Hindley, who is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw. Heathcliff treated by Hindley. He thinks that he will take revenge against Hindley. As a children grow up Hindley sent to college, while Catharine and Heathcliff roam upon moors.

One occasion Catherine and Heathcliff went to travel near the Thruscross Grange. Suddenly Catharine had bitten one of the dog belonging to the Linton’s family. So Linton detained Catharine for treatment. Catharine was cordially received by Linton’s family except Heathcliff because he is very dirty and untidy. So he feels ashamed in this situation and leaves Thruscross Grange with disappear.

Three years later Edger and Catherine get married. After some months Heathcliff reappears. Now he is totally different from past times. Now he is handsome good looking besides he is now a rich man. Heathcliff visits Thruscross Grange Catherine overjoyed to her the nears and she said that-----

“Oh Edger, Edger

Heathcliff come back”

Isabella, the sister of Edger, to see the Heathcliff she falls in love. But Heathcliff still love Catherine. Isabella expressed her feeling to Catherine. About her love, she says----

“I loved him more then you

Ever loved edger “

One day Isabella runs away with Heathcliff and married him.

After passing some days, Heathcliff shows his cruelty to Isabella. He has not married to Isabella for love. He has married her for take revenge Edger Linton. Heathcliff tortured her mentally and physically. So that Isabella seems him a monster.

Heathcliff secret visits to the Catherine. There is a passionate scene between Catherine and Heathcliff. Catherine calls to kill Isabella. That very night Catherine dies, giving birth a baby, who is given the name Cathy, according to her mother name. Heathcliff became shocked and upset by losing her. He says-

“Oh! God, it is unutterable! I cannot live as without my life,

I cannot live without my soul.”

Isabella gives birth a child who is given name is Linton. On the other side we see that Hindley is totally depend upon Heathcliff and begins to take difference kind of drugs. After passing some days Hindley dies leaving his estate upon the hand of Heathcliff. Now Heathcliff is the master of Wuthering Heights.

Hindley son Hearton has grown up under the guardianship of Heathcliff on the other hand Isabella dies and Isabella son Linton and Catherine’s daughter Cathy grow up altogether.

Cathy falls in love with Linton and they get married. After their marriage Linton dies when Cathy fells friendless. She again feels entrusted with Hareton. Son edger Linton had died. Heathcliff revenge upon two families is almost complete. Now he is the master of both states.

One day Heathcliff utters and pacing his room in a state. He has died with his eye open. Different types of people claim that they have scene Heathcliff and Catherine ghost roaming together, because their love could not fulfill in this world. So their love fulfill after death.

At last we can say that it is her famous and masterpiece creation. She has shown her latent dream through the characters of this novel. Through Heathcliff is the hero of this novel. But he plays the role of villain activities.

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